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Notes
European Charter of Local Self Government 1985: I, 3
A.V. Dicey, An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, London: Macmillan, 1885.
E. Burke, Speech to the Electors of Bristol, 3 Nov. 1774, The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke. 6 vols. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854--56, vol.1, pp.446-48.
P. Dardanelli, ‘Democratic Deficit or the Europeanisation of Secession? Explaining the Devolution Referendums in Scotland’, Political Studies, 53 (2005): 320–342, DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00531.x; E. Royles, Revitalizing Democracy? Devolution and Civil Society in Wales, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2007; K. O. Morgan, Debate on the Address, 12 Nov. 2007, Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), House of Lords Official Reports, 696, 4: 267-9; V. Bogdanor, The New British Constitution, Oxford: Hart, 2009; S. Finding, ‘Democracy and devolution: process and object’, in S. Finding, M. Jones, P. Cauvet, 'Unfinished Business', Governance and the Four Nations: Devolution in the UK - Dévolution et gouvernance du territoire britannique, Bordeaux: Presses universitaires de Bordeaux, 2011: 107-118; D. Birrell, Comparing Devolved Governance, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
J. Clarke, ‘Turning Inside Out? Globalization, Neo-liberalism and Welfare States’, Anthropologies, 45 (2) (2003) : 201-214.
D. Miller, W. Dinan, ‘Corridors of Power: Lobbying in the UK’, Observatoire de la société britannique, 6 | 2008, http://osb.revues.org/409; DOI : 10.4000/osb.409, accessed 5 November 2013.
Bogdanor, op.cit.
B. Delanoë, 'Preface' in United Cities and Local Governments-World Bank. 1st UCLG World Report on Decentralization and Local Democracy in the World, Barcelona: UCGL, 2008.
M. Purcell, 'City-Regions, Neoliberal Globalization and Democracy: A Research Agenda', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 31:1 (March 2007): 197-206. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00714.x.
G. Lodge, ‘Mayors and democratic renewal in England’, in Gash, T., Sims, S. What can elected mayors do for our cities, London: Institute for Government, 2012:30.
Electoral Reform Society, ‘Does Size Matter?’ 25th June 2010,
http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/blog/does-size-matter#sthash.B8ZGFh6s.dpuf.
European Conference of Presidents of Parliament. ‘Is representative democracy in crisis? Challenges for national parliaments?’ Strasbourg: European Parliament, September 2012.
This paper will not be looking in detail at the case of London which has been widely covered: T. Whitton, Ken ‘le rouge’ et la Mairie de Londres. Du Greater London Council à la Greater London Authority, Paris: L 'Harmattan, 2010; T. Travers, ‘The Mayor of London: retrospect and prospect’, in T. Gash, S. Sims, What can elected mayors do for our cities, London: Institute for Government, 2012: 21-25.
Lewisham, Newham, Hackney, (a fourth London borough, Southwark, had voted a resounding no), Mansfield (district council), Stoke-on-Trent, Doncaster, North Tyneside (Metropolitan districts), Middlesbrough, Hartlepool (unitary councils), Bedford, and Watford (district councils), Torbay.
Since the advent of a devolved parliament for Scotland (1998) the onus for the organisation of local government now lies there. There are no directly elected mayors in Scotland or Northern Ireland, and apparently there are no plans to introduce them. Scotland is currently debating local government reform: B. Thomson, G. Mawdsley, A. Payne, Renewing Local Government, Edinburgh: Reform Scotland, 2012. Although Welsh cities can avail themselves of the 2000 legislation, only one, Ceredigion – the area from Cardigan to Aberystwyth –, held a referendum which rejected the idea of a DEM. This paper thus deals with England, the only nation in the United Kingdom to have DEMs.
Birmingham, Bradford, Bristol, Coventry, Leeds, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, Nottingham, Sheffield and Wakefield.
A. Adonis, T. Gash, ‘Introduction: a mayoral revolution?’ in Gash, T., Sims, S. What can elected mayors do for our cities, pp.6-13, London: Institute for Government, 2012: 8.
Wilks-Heeg, S. ‘The widespread rejection of elected city mayors is a spanner in the works for the government’s localism agenda’, 5 May 2012, British Politics and Policy at LSE. http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/2012/05/05/elected-mayors-localism-wilks-heeg/ consulted on 22 July 2012.
D. Sivaev, R. Smith, Mayoral Manoeuvres: How big is the job facing elected city mayors? Centre for Cities, April 2012.
H. J. Elcock, ‘Local Political Leadership in Britain: Rake's Progress or Search for the Holy Grail?’ Public Policy and Administration, 21 (2006): 22-37.
S. Wilks-Heeg, A. Blick, S. Crone, How Democratic is the UK? The 2012 Audit, Liverpool: Democratic Audit, 2012: 6.
Warwick Commission Report. Elected Mayors and City Leadership, Summary Report of the Third Warwick Commission, What is the role of Elected Mayors in Providing Leadership to Cities? Warwick, University of Warwick, 2012: 3.
Regional Development Agencies Act 1998; 2002 White Paper Your Region, Your Choice.
Lodge, op.cit.: 32.
J. M. Sellers, ‘Between National State and Local Society: Infrastructures of Local Governance in Developed Democracies’, University of South California, Paper presented at Urban Affairs Association Annual Meeting, Cleveland, OH, 2003.: Table 1.
S. Weir, D. Beetham, Political Power and Democratic Control in Britain, London: Routledge, 1999: 251.
Ibidem.
L. Pratchett, D. Wilson, Local Democracy and Local Government, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996: 250.
Department for the Environment, Transport and the Regions, Modernising Local Government: In Touch with the People, London: DETR, 1998; Department for the Environment, Transport and the Regions, Modernising Local Government: Local Democracy and Community Leadership, London: DETR, 1998; Department for the Environment, Transport and the Regions, Modernising Local Government: Improving Service through Best Value, London: DETR, 1998.
D. Wilson, C. Game, Local Government in the UK, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006: 108.
N. Watt, ‘David Cameron calls on city dwellers to vote yes in mayoral referendums’, Guardian.online.co.uk, 23 April 2012; T. Montgomerie, ‘Cameron goes to Bristol to campaign for the “exciting democratic change” of city mayors’, Conservative Party, Local Government webpage, 2012, http://conservativehome.blogs.com/localgovernment/2012/04/cameron-goes-to-bristol-to-campaign-for-the-exciting-democratic-change-of-city-mayors.html, accessed 18 October 2012.
Warwick Commission, op.cit..
J. Dudman, ‘Putting a face to a place’, Guardian.co.uk, 6 June 2008. ; Warwick Commision, op.cit.: 13.
Adonis & Gash, op.cit.
M. Kenny, G. Lodge, ‘Mayors rule’, Public Policy Research, 15 (2008): 12–21. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-540X.2008.00502.x. : 17..
Ibid. : 12.
Lodge, op.cit.: 29-30.
Adonis & Gash, op.cit.
Warwick Commission, 2012.
B. Rogers, ‘London’s borough mayors: the record so far’, in Gash, T., Sims, S. What can elected mayors do for our cities, London: Institute for Government, 2012: 17.
Carlisle, Shropshire, Stockport, Stafford and Workington.
http://www.angelfire.com/de2/oxforddemox/#WhyanElectedMayor, accessed 22 July 2012.
E. Camp-Pietrain, ‘Les pétitions au Parlement écossais : une nouvelle pratique dans les coulisses du pouvoir’, Observatoire de la société britannique, 6, 2008, http://osb.revues.org/464 ; DOI : 10.4000/osb.464, accessed 5 November 2013.
Lodge, op.cit.: 12.
G. Stoker, How Are Mayors Measuring Up? Preliminary Findings - ELG Evaluation Team, London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, HMSO, 2004: 10.
Warwick Commission, 2012: 24.
S. Parker, ‘Assessing the local authority mayors outside London’, in Gash, T., Sims, S. What can elected mayors do for our cities, London: Institute for Government, 2012: 20.
Rogers, op.cit.: 17.
C. Staite, ‘Questions answered: an elected mayor for Birmingham. Do mayoral authorities perform better, and what difference does directly accountable leadership make locally?’ Guardian Professional, 12 March 2012. Localgovernmentnetworkblog, guardian.co.uk.
Montgomerie, op.cit.
Guardian. ‘Elected mayors: champions for the cities’, Editorial, February 27, 2011.
Warwick Commission: 12.
BBC News Bristol. ‘Bristol mayor election: Results’, 16 November 2012, www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-19018017, accessed 30 November 2012.
Adonis & Gash, op.cit. : 11, 13.
Thornhill, D. ‘Being a Directly Elected Mayor’, http://www.watford.gov.uk/ccm/content/legal-and-democratic/elected-mayor/being-a-directly-elected-mayor.en, accessed 20 July 2012.
Stoker, op.cit. : 13, 16.
Stoker, op.cit. : 12.
Warwick Commission: 30.
Warwick Commission: 30.
Staite, op.cit.
N. Clegg, G. Clark, Unlocking Growth In Cities, London: HM Government, December 2011.: 2.
G. Fitzgerald, Unlocking Growth in Cities – Liverpool. Report to City Council, Liverpool: Liverpool City Council, 7 February 2012.
Bagehot. ‘Why elected mayors matter’, The Economist, 19 April 2012.
J. Baron, ‘Leeds debates elected mayor referendum – but finds no clear opinion’, Northerner blog, guardian.co.uk, 2 May 2012.
J. Harris, ‘Elected city mayors: the delusions and dangers of power freak politics’, The Guardian, 10 April, 2012: 30.
Baron, op.cit.
Montgomerie, op.cit.
A. Thomson, ‘England's new mayors prove a force for good’, Localis, in The MJ (The online management journal for local authority business), April 26, 2012, http://www.localis.org.uk/article/1053/England-s-new-mayors-prove-a-force-for-good.htm, accessed 1 November 2012.
P. Davies, The Mayor of Doncaster. The Mayor’s priorities 2012-2013, http://www.doncaster.gov.uk/mayor//priorities.asp, accessed 1 November 2102.
I. Ghazni, ‘City says 'no' to directly-elected mayor - Nottingham Lib Dems welcome the sensible option’, May 7, 2012, http://nottinghamlibdems.org.uk/en/article/2012/585111/city-says-no-to-directly-elected-mayor-nottingham-lib-dems-welcome-the-sensible-option, accessed 28 October 2012.
Warwick Commission: 32.
Harris, op.cit.
Warwick Commission: 36, 37.
http://bristolcivicleadership.net/, accessed 30 November 2012.
Rogers, op.cit.
Parker, op.cit. : 20.
Bedford, Bristol, Copeland, Doncaster, Leicester, Liverpool, Mansfield, Middlesbrough, North Tyneside, Salford, Torbay, Watford.
Parker, op.cit. : 23.
Kenny & Lodge, op.cit. : 13-14.
Warwick Commission: 12.
J. Stewart, Modernising British Local Government. An Assessment of Labour's Reform Programme, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003: 67.
Birmingham 1,020,589; Leeds 726,939; Sheffield 530,375; Bradford 483,422; Manchester 430,818; Wakefield 317,342; Coventry 306,503; Nottingham 283,969; Newcastle-upon-Tyne 282,338.
Bristol 432,500; Leicester 294,830; Doncaster 291,804; Stoke-on-Trent 254,438 (reverted back to council leader system in 2009); Lewisham 255,000; Newham 243,891; Tower Hamlets 235,000; Salford 229,179; Hackney 219,200; Gateshead 200,968; North Tyneside 193,619, Bedford 157,500; Middlesbrough 140,500, Torbay 134,000; Mansfield 99,600; Watford 79,726, Copeland 55,860.
Kenny & Lodge, op.cit. : 17.
Warwick Commission: 24.
Thomson, op.cit.
Consisting of the cities Manchester and Salford and metropolitan boroughs of Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford and Wigan. The ten councils make up the Greater Manchester local authority (1974) / city region (2011).
Xpolso, ‘Scottish Independence: Time for a Democratic Revolution’, https://xpolso.wordpress.com/2014/09/19/scottish-independence-time-for-a-democratic-revolution/, accessed 30 June 2015.
Greater Manchester: Manchester, Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford, Wigan. Merseyside: Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens, Sefton, Wirral. South Yorkshire: Sheffield, Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham. Tyne and Wear: Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, South Tyneside, North Tyneside, Sunderland. West Midlands: Birmingham, Coventry, Dudley, Sandwell, Solihull, Walsall, Wolverhampton. West Yorkshire: Leeds, Bradford, Calderdale, Kirklees, Wakefield.
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